Developing&nbsp;a&nbsp;toolkit to support research engagement in community pharmacy (DARE-CP) study protocol

Hiyam Al-Jabr; Ian Maidment; Kay Stevenson; Vivienne Hibberd; Joanne Lloyd; Simon White; Tania Cork; Rahul Sharda; Mel Holden; Emma Healey

doi:10.3310/nihropenres.14346.1

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Study Protocol

Developing a toolkit to support research engagement in community pharmacy (DARE-CP) study protocol

[version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Hiyam Al-Jabr^1,2, Ian Maidment ³, Kay Stevenson^4,5, [...] Vivienne Hibberd¹, Joanne Lloyd¹, Simon White⁶, Tania Cork⁷, Rahul Sharda⁸, Mel Holden¹, Emma Healey¹

Hiyam Al-Jabr^1,2, Ian Maidment ³, [...] Kay Stevenson^4,5, Vivienne Hibberd¹, Joanne Lloyd¹, Simon White⁶, Tania Cork⁷, Rahul Sharda⁸, Mel Holden¹, Emma Healey¹

PUBLISHED 26 Aug 2026

Author details Author details

¹ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University School of Medicine, Keele, England, UK
² Department of Research and Innovation, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Stafford, England, UK
³ School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Biology, Aston University, Birmingham, England, UK
⁴ Impact Accelerator Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University School of Medicine, Keele, England, UK
⁵ Community MSK and Pain Services, St Georges Hospital, Midlands Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Stafford, UK
⁶ Keele University School of Pharmacy & Bioengineering, Keele, England, UK
⁷ Community Pharmacy, Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent, UK
⁸ Butt Lane Healthcare Limited, Stafforshire, UK

Hiyam Al-Jabr
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

Ian Maidment
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

Kay Stevenson
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Vivienne Hibberd
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Joanne Lloyd
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Simon White
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Tania Cork
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Rahul Sharda
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Mel Holden
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Writing – Review & Editing

Emma Healey
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

OPEN PEER REVIEW

REVIEWER STATUS

Abstract

Background

Healthcare delivery in the UK is shifting towards community-based, preventative, and population-focused care. Community pharmacy is well placed to support this transition. The importance of community pharmacy has been highlighted by national policies alongside the need for strong research foundations within this setting. Despite major changes in community pharmacy and its easy accessibility to wide and diverse communities, research engagement remains limited. Evidence on the barriers to community pharmacy research engagement and how to overcome these is scarce. This project aims to co-develop a toolkit to enhance research engagement in community pharmacy and to widely disseminate findings to key stakeholders to support implementation.

Protocol

This study will use a Community of Practice (CoP) framework and will draw on the principles of Implementation Mapping (IM). The CoP will include key stakeholders to support the co-development of the research engagement toolkit. Stakeholders will include patients/public members and representatives from pharmacy, primary and secondary care, academia, commissioning, and research delivery professionals. Five meetings will be held online with the CoP (n = up to 15). Meetings will be recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed to identify common, emerging themes., to support the toolkit co-development. A separate patient and public advisory group will also be established to provide guidance and assistance across the duration of the study. The CoP and patient and public advisory group will advise on the most appropriate dissemination routes to reach the widest audience so that our recommendations help to build community pharmacy research.

Discussion

Despite its central role in the healthcare system, and its easy accessibility to wider and diverse communities, community pharmacy engagement in research is still limited. A collaborative CoP stakeholder group would help better how to overcome barriers and to co-develop a toolkit to enhance research engagement and build research capacity, thus supporting greater participation in research.

Plain Language Summary

The healthcare system in the UK is changing, moving services closer to homes and local communities. Community pharmacy practice is also changing, with a wider range of services provided to patients and public members (e.g., checking blood pressure). To keep up with the developments in healthcare services, participating in research is important; to better understand the experiences of people using these services and the effects it may have on them.

However, community pharmacies have limited involvement in research. We do not fully understand what makes it difficult for pharmacies to take part in research and the challenges they face. This study will develop a toolkit to support pharmacy teams by providing practical solutions to the barriers they may face in relation to taking part in research.

To do this, we will set up a group of people, which will include patients and public members, researchers, and healthcare professionals including pharmacists. This group will work together, share ideas, and help design the toolkit to community pharmacies to take part in research. We will tell the wider research, professional and public communities about the toolkit to build community pharmacy research.

Keywords

Community pharmacy, Research engagement, Community of practice, Qualitative research, Implementation methodology.

Corresponding author: Ian Maidment

Competing interests: Professor Ian Maidment is the West Midlands NIHR RRDN joint Community Setting Research Lead. Dr Emma Healey is the West Midlands NIHR RRDN MSK and Orthopaedic Specialty Lead.

Grant information: This project is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) under its [Research Delivery Network Strategic Funding (Grant Reference Number 0073719)]. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. Professor Ian Maidment and Dr Emma Healey are the co-leads for this project. This study is also supported by Professor Maidment's Senior Investigator award (62483).
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Copyright: © 2026 Al-Jabr H et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

How to cite: Al-Jabr H, Maidment I, Stevenson K et al. Developing a toolkit to support research engagement in community pharmacy (DARE-CP) study protocol [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. NIHR Open Res 2026, 6:133 (https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.14346.1) First published: 26 Aug 2026, 6:133 (https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.14346.1) Latest published: 26 Aug 2026, 6:133 (https://doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.14346.1)

Introduction

The healthcare system in the UK is changing dramatically to meet the challenges of the 21^st century.¹ Community pharmacy practice has also been undergoing significant transformation² and is continuously evolving, with pharmacists increasingly involved in delivering direct patient care.³^–⁶

Placed at the heart of the community, community pharmacy professionals are highly recognised as front line clinical professionals, with a wide and expanded range of services provided to the public including minor ailment services, advanced clinical services, and expansion of independent prescribing,² and as of 2026, all MPharm graduates will be qualified as independent prescribers at the point of registration.⁷^–⁹

Community pharmacy is an easily accessible healthcare setting, including in deprived areas, with strong established links with local communities particularly in ethnically diverse areas.¹⁰^,¹¹ It provides a range of services to patients and members of the public without needing a prior appointment, and many community pharmacies provide support over an extended time period, including outside traditional working hours.¹² About 40% of community pharmacies are estimated to be within a 10 minutes walking distance.¹ In England, it is estimated that around 1.6 million visits to community pharmacies happen every day,¹^,² and patients are reported to visit community pharmacy as twice as often as visiting their general practitioners.²

The focus of healthcare service delivery in the UK is shifting from hospitals to community, patient to population, and curative to prevention.¹^,¹³ Community pharmacy, as articulated in key policies, is well-positioned to support this shift by the provision of clinical services and joined up working with other areas of primary care to provide holistic care in local communities.¹⁴^,¹⁵ It can also support both preventative approaches, because of its high accessibility, and the move to digital (e.g., use of electronic prescription service), which are key aspects of developing a more clinical role. The National Health Service (NHS) 10-year plan referenced pharmacists and pharmacy more than 20 times.¹^,¹⁶ This reflects the recognition of the important role of pharmacy in delivering expanded services, as well as the need for services to be underpinned by robust research.

The Pharmacy in England report highlights the importance of research in community pharmacy to be able to continuously provide high quality services that are supported by robust evidence and demonstrate value for money.¹⁷^–²⁰ Several previous initiatives have called for increasing community pharmacy research engagement. These include Community Pharmacy Research Champions, and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Research Ready accreditation scheme.¹²^,²¹

By bringing research into the centre of the community, this would help in optimising outcomes for patients and society, and would facilitate patients’ access to cutting edge care.² Additionally, research would allow community pharmacies to establish links with academic institutions and other organisations, thus helping in diversifying their careers. Research is particularly vital to inform new service development such as Independent Prescribing by Community Pharmacy.²²

Despite the significant changes to community pharmacy practice (e.g., expanded clinical roles, independent prescribing, and the provision of public health services), research represents a vital area of this sector that remains limited and underdeveloped² and the engagement of pharmacy staff in research is limited.²³^,²⁴ Research is more well-established in other healthcare sectors (e.g. general practice) than that in community pharmacy.²⁴^–²⁶ According to an NHS England report of a UK survey of pharmacy professionals’ involvement in research that was launched in May 2022,²⁷ only a minority of the pharmacy workforce is currently research active. The survey in this report though was mostly completed by hospital pharmacy professionals, with clear underrepresentation of community pharmacy perhaps due to limited research engagement. The report additionally identified that most involvement was related to participation (e.g., in data collection) rather than research leadership.²⁷

While there are examples of research engagement in community pharmacy in some countries, overall participation remains limited worldwide, including the UK.²⁸^–³¹ Findings for research engagement in community pharmacy in the UK are dated more than a decade ago,²⁸^,³²^–³⁵ focusing mostly on the views/attitudes of pharmacists on research and potential barriers. Reported barriers included lack of time and busy workload; lack of/insufficient funds; and lack of research knowledge, and support. However, these studies tended to focus on barriers with less of a focus on developing approaches and strategies for developing research capacity in this key sector.²⁴^,²⁷^,²⁸^,³⁶ DARE-CP aims to address this clear research gap and support building research culture and capacity in this setting.

Aim and objectives

This study aims to co-develop a toolkit of recommendations and practical solutions to support community pharmacy research engagement.

The study objectives are to:

1. Establish a Community of Practice (CoP) stakeholder group.
2. Co-develop a toolkit of recommendations/practical solutions to support community pharmacy research engagement.
3. Widely disseminate the toolkit to support building research delivery capacity and capability and widening research study access and participation of underserved communities.

Protocol

Methods

Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE)

This study protocol was designed with the support and input from two members of the public (V.H, J.L), who were named co-applicants on the funding application. Both PPIE co-applicants will support all aspects of DARE-CP; this includes co-design of the methods, advice on the best ways to engage diverse groups and supporting impact and wider dissemination. Dissemination will potentially include co-authorship of outputs. V. H and J. L are also members of the study research team and will be attending monthly study management meetings to support study delivery throughout.

A separate PPIE advisory group including a diverse range of individuals from under-represented communities, will also be established comprising up to eight members of the public who use community pharmacy services. Across four meetings over the course of the study, the PPIE advisory group will be updated on study progress, provide advice and guidance on the study, support the prioritisation of the topics to be discussed and questions to be asked at the CoP meetings, co-design the dissemination plan and support dissemination activities. Additionally, the CoP stakeholder group will include patient and public representatives, who will attend the CoP meetings and will contribute to the co-development of the research engagement toolkit.

Study design

This study will adopt a CoP approach. CoP is defined as “a group of people who share a common interest, and who deepen their understanding and expertise in this interest by interacting on an ongoing basis and collaboratively identify how to use best evidence to advance practice”.³⁷^,³⁸ Using the CoP approach, we will draw on the principles of Implementation Mapping (IM)³⁹^,⁴⁰ to aid the co-development of a research engagement toolkit to support research engagement and capacity in community pharmacy.

Building research capacity is described as “enhancing the abilities of individuals, organisations and systems to undertake and disseminate high quality research effectively and efficiently”.⁴¹ Research typically involves collaboration between individuals from diverse professional and social backgrounds. Similarly, community pharmacy professionals interact with a wide range of patients, public members, and multidisciplinary healthcare teams. Therefore, to enhance research engagement within community pharmacy, establishing a CoP group provides a structured platform to bring together key stakeholders to better understand encountered challenges and to collaboratively co-develop strategies to support and strengthen research involvement in this setting.³⁷

Research team

The research team comprises members with extensive research and professional experience in healthcare and community pharmacy. These include co-apps with extensive and relevant academic and clinical experience of Community Pharmacy research from Keele University (SW, EH, MH), and Aston University (IM) co-apps with from Midlands Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and Keele University (HA-J, KS), and two Community Pharmacists (TC and RS). The team also have a PPIE lead (AH) from Keele University and two PPIE members as lay co-applicants.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from Keele University Research Ethics Committee (15^th May 2026, Project Reference 1344).

Participants

The CoP members will include relevant internal and external stakeholders. Similar to the approach used by Paloumpi et al,¹⁰ internal and external stakeholders will be included in the CoP group. Internal stakeholders will comprise community pharmacy professionals (i.e., pharmacist, pharmacy technician, or pharmacy counter assistant), or representatives of pharmacy organisations. Whereas external stakeholders will include representatives of non-pharmacy organisations (i.e., members of the public, commissioners, academics, primary or secondary care clinicians, other than pharmacy, who have experience of embedding research into their clinical practice, and researchers).

Recruitment

An initial list of potential participants to be invited will be constructed by members of the research team from their professional networks. These will be discussed and mapped by the research team to systematically identify and include a wide and a diverse range of internal and external stakeholders. Membership of the CoP will then be established through sending invitations to representatives of the diverse stakeholder groups. Invitations will be sent via email by members of the study team and will include a study flyer and a link to complete an online expression of interest form. A participant information leaflet and a link to an online consent form will be shared with those who express interest in participating. All participants will provide written informed consent electronically before participating in the study by completing the online consent form.

Data collection

Five CoP meetings will be arranged and conducted over eight months (between June 2026 to January 2027). Up to 15 members of the diverse stakeholder groups will be invited to each meeting. If a stakeholder cannot attend, a replacement from the list will be invited. Meetings will be conducted online using MS Teams, lasting up to two hours, and meetings will be recorded for data analysis. The CoP meetings will be facilitated by researchers who have experience in research delivery (HA, IM, EH). It will also be chaired by a researcher experienced in running CoP meetings (KS).

The meetings will use principles from the IM approach. The IM approach is a five task process used for designing and tailoring strategies to support the adoption, implementation and sustainment of interventions.³⁹^,⁴² The five tasks are iterative and will continuously be revisited throughout the process to ensure all study objectives are met. A summary of the IM tasks that will be covered at the CoP meetings is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Principles of IM drawn on during the CoP meetings.

IM Principles	CoP meeting	Description of tailored tasks
Principle 1: Implementation Needs Assessment	Meeting 1 objective: Needs assessment	• Establish the boundaries of the CoP, build trusted relationships and ensure everyone is supported to understand the evidence/processes. • Identify common barriers and facilitators to community pharmacy research engagement.
Principle 2: Identifying Outcomes and Change Objectives	Meeting 2 objective: Introducing the concept of a logic model of change	• Develop a logic model of change to describe the hypothetical mechanism of action. • Define desired outcomes and pathways to achieve outcomes.
Principle 3: Selecting Theoretical Methods and Strategies	Meeting 3 objective: Completing the logic model and introducing toolkit co-design	• Prioritise and select evidence-based implementation strategies. • Identify the methods and strategies that would influence implementation behaviour and conditions within a setting. • Co-develop a ‘toolkit’ including key recommendations focused on practical solutions to support research engagement.
Principle 4: Producing Implementation Protocols	Meeting 4 objective: Toolkit further development and refinement	• Further development and refinement of the toolkit. • Develop an evaluation plan to identify whether the implementation strategy is working. • Discuss key knowledge mobilisation strategies and engagement event.
Principle 5: Evaluating Implementation Outcomes	Meeting 5 objective: Final toolkit refinement and establishing a plan for the dissemination event	• Final refinement of developed toolkit • Discuss key knowledge mobilisation strategies and engagement event. • Disseminate the toolkit to community pharmacy teams and academics to support uptake at national and international levels.

Data analysis

The CoP meetings will be conducted online via MS Teams and will be recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts will be thematically analysed using Braun and Clark six stage inductive thematic analysis approach⁴³ to identify common, emerging themes to support research engagement in community pharmacy and to aid the development of the research engagement toolkit.

In summary, the transcribed data will be re-read and inductively coded by the main researcher (HA). The developed codes with then be reviewed and discussed with other members of the research team (IM, EH) to ensure consistency of the coding process and assist the development of themes. The relationships between codes will be established and relevant codes will be grouped to develop subthemes and subsequently main themes. Subthemes and themes will be reviewed by another member of the research team. Any raised disagreements during the coding process will be resolved by consensus following discussion, referring to the coded and original transcripts. A final report will present the findings of the study and will be supported by anonymised quotes.

Dissemination

Knowledge sharing of the findings will be facilitated through planned activities agreed amongst the study team. The project team has well-established links with key pharmacy organisations (e.g. General Pharmaceutical Council, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, National Pharmacy Association, Community Pharmacy England, Pharmacy Research Advisory Group and Pharmacy Research UK). Additionally, through working closely with existing networks, professional bodies, specialist societies, charities, and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) including the Knowledge Mobilisation and Pharmacy Incubators, we will ensure wide dissemination and uptake of the toolkit, supported by the CoP stakeholder group, PPIE advisory group, and Keele’s Impact Accelerator Unit.

The following are the planned and expected outputs for this study:

1. Production of a research engagement toolkit and implementation guidance which will provide academics and community pharmacy teams with recommendations and practical solutions to support community pharmacy research engagement and enable research to be normalised and sustained in community pharmacy.
2. A policy briefing paper providing guidance on implementation of the toolkit, to be circulated to key stakeholders.
3. A minimum of one academic paper outlining the co-development and content of the toolkit.
4. A minimum of one abstract to an appropriate conference.
5. Delivery of an ‘Engaging Community Pharmacy in Clinical Research’ dissemination event. This event will be co-produced with the CoP who will actively contribute to shaping its format, content, and delivery, ensuring that it is both acceptable and feasible for the intended audience.
6. Plain English summaries of the study findings.
7. Blog (e.g., for the NIHR School of Primary Care website) summarising our key findings, in particular advice for primary care researchers on working with community pharmacy.

Discussion

This paper describes the design of a qualitative study which aims to co-develop a toolkit to enhance research engagement in community pharmacy.

Although being uniquely placed at the heart of the healthcare system and community, reaching wider and diverse community populations, research opportunities in community pharmacy are less apparent and engagement is still limited.²^,²⁴ There is therefore a need to understand complexities of research engagement amongst community pharmacy settings and how it could be improved. By establishing a CoP and bringing key stakeholders together, through collaboration, building relationships and ongoing interaction, this would help better understand research within community pharmacy and achieve several impacts. These include producing a toolkit with practical resources to support community pharmacy engagement with research and scale up novel and innovative solutions, producing a key policy guidance on implementation of the toolkit, increasing the recruitment to NIHR and other studies that involve community pharmacy, increasing awareness of the importance of research amongst community pharmacy teams across the region (and wider), increasing awareness of the challenges of undertaking research in community pharmacy, and drawing on the toolkit to support future studies. Learnings from this study are expected to be relevant to settings beyond community pharmacy, including those with similar research environments where private contractors provide NHS services.

Data Availability statement

No data are associated with this article.

Extended data

Additional files supporting this article can be accessed via the Open Science Framework at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8KPVN.⁴⁴

The study contains the following extended data:

1. Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) Checklist.
2. DARE-Community Pharmacy study advert_V1_24th March 2026.
3. DARE-Community Pharmacy Expression of interest form. V1.24th March 2026.
4. DARE-Community Pharmacy Participant Information Leaflet_V1_24th March 2026.
5. DARE-Community Pharmacy Online Consent form_V1_24th March 2026.
6. DARE-Community Pharmacy Proposed Flowchart for the CoP meetings. V1_19th March 2026.

Data are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0).

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